A Tale of Three Cities  

New York’s economy is divided into three parts: upper, lower, and under. The first two—upper and lower—are old hat, retailored now to fit the service economy. The third—the underground economy—has moved from being a pest to being a pestilence. In …





Social Retreat and the Tumler  

Human nature didn’t change once Ed Koch became mayor of New York, but it soon began to display its shabbier sides. The mood of the city seemed to grow sullen, as if in contempt of earlier feelings and visions…. Quick …



“The Rough Adventure of the Street…”  

Cities, like dreams,” Calvino tells us, “are made of desires and fears, even if the thread of their discourse is secret, their rules are absurd, their perspective deceitful, and everything conceals something else” (Invisible Cities). Calvino is right, of course. …





Whose Windfall?  

Every couple of years friends of friends from Denmark come to visit. When they leave I always ask them, “What impressed you the most about New York City?” Always, I hear the same reply. Not the Statue of Liberty, the …







They Made It!  

In that long gone time during Hitler’s war when I was madly in love with M., the Village’s most frequented femme fatale, I had to hear a lot about her other lovers, some of whom must have been concurrent with …



The Craze for Privatization  

The drive for “privatization” first began to gain momentum, like such key elements of the Reagan agenda as deregulation and acceleration of weapons procurement (the infamous MX was a Carter favorite), in Jimmy’s  administration. Its advocates claim that privatization not …



Safety on the Job  

During the waning years of the nineteenth century, American workers experienced changes in production methods that proved disastrous to their lives and health. The growth of the factory system and mass production, combined  with a nearly total lack of regulation …



The Spanish Civil War Revisited  

Spain last year commemorated the fiftieth anniversary of the beginning of the Civil War. The occasion elicited a massive outpouring of articles, memoirs, books, conferences. The bloody events were re-examined and scrutinized, but one would have had to look far …



Brazil—Between Rock and Ocean  

At the end of the Copacabana beach in Rio stands a huge rock called the Morro do Leme. Slowly but remorselessly, the tides are turning the rock into sand. If we measure human change by this standard, Brazil’s 486-year history …





Public Needs and Private Wants  

Few beliefs are more deeply embedded in American popular wisdom than those concerning the inefficiency of government. In an era when liberals, moderates, and conservatives find little basis for common cause, criticizing government’s performance is a unifying ritual. The public …