The End of Jeane Kirkpatrick’s Ideology

“If you want a picture of the future, imagine a boot stamping on a human face—forever.” This famous line, spoken by O’Brien to the battered Winston Smith in Orwell’s 1984, embodies the fear so many felt in the aftermath of Hitler and Stalin. It was a fear born of terror; the world had never before seen anything quite like the dictatorships in Berlin and Moscow. As a work of political fiction, 1984 was a warning, and it is as a warning that it retains its force. It imagined a world of total domination, a political no exit in which history stops.

Political ideas in the form of a novel are one thing, a theoretical argument purporting to explain political realities is another. The assumption tha...